Emma+Bunting+Q4

Quarter 4.

The Prussian “Zollverein” got rid of barriers that separated the current states between modern day Germany and Prussia. The liberals meeting in 1848 in Frankfurt demanded German political unity, but the Prussian ruler refused. The Congress of Vienna Napoleon strengthened Nationalism
 * 1. Describe the early changes that promoted German unity.**

Bismarck unified Germany through his “blood and iron” policy. After he took the role of Chancellor, he tried to convince other officials donate funding to strengthen his army. Rejected he stole funds to do it regardless. With a bolstered army, he managed to bring other German states under his control.
 * 2. Explain how Bismarck unified Germany.**

This new political organization includes a two-house legislature. It consists of: - Bundesrat, which is an upper house, appointed by the rulers of the German states. - The Reichstag, which is the lower house, elected by universal male suffrage. The Bundesrat was allowed to veto any decisions of the Reichstag, but the real power remained in the hands of the emperor and his chancellor.
 * 3. Describe the German empire's political organization.**

Realpolitik states that power is more important than principles. It is realistic politics that deal with the needs of the state.
 * 4. Define RealPolitik.**

Industrial resources like for example iron made rapid population growth possible. That population growth caused a constant supply of factory workers. German sense of authority and discipline made chemical and electrical industries very successful. They set standards worldwide, at that time only Britain was more successful in their industrial production.
 * 5. Describe the factors that made Germany an Industrial Giant.**

He was known as the Iron Chancellor and attempted to erase local loyalties and crush all opposition to the imperial state. He targeted the Catholic Church and the Socialists because both posed a threat to the new German state.
 * 6. Explain why Bismarck was called the Iron Chancellor**

Some of the policies that Kaiser William Followed were establishing excellent social welfare, public schools, cheap transportation, and excellent utilities.
 * 7. Describe the policies Kaiser William II followed.**


 * A common serf**

1. What is your day-to-day life like? · Each day, I have to work on the land that I am bound to and do any labor that my master requires of me. I also have to make certain payments in either money or goods in order to pay off the taxes I owe the landlord. 2. What reforms do you want to see in Russia? · In the future, I want to see an end to serfdom in Russia. 3. What conditions do you think affect progress in Russia? · Serfdom is an oppressive system on the serfs which is going to affect the productivity of the country due to it being inefficient 4. What is your opinion of the Czars and the Russian monarchy? · I disliked Catherine the Great who extended serfdom in Russia while the rest of Europe was gradually abolishing it. I preferred Czars who made attempts at liberal reforms such as when they made legal and economic reforms to improve the lives of serfs. 5. How did industrialization affect your life? · Industrialization affected my life because as industry expanded, my master sent me to work in a factory, but took most of my pay that had been earned. 6. What do you think is the best system of government for Russia? · Communism would be the best system of government for Russia because everyone would be treated equally and all property would be publicly owned and each person would work and be paid according to their abilities and would not be bound to the land.


 * A protester at Bloody Sunday**

1. What is your day-to-day life like? · My day consists of carrying out peaceful demonstrations, marching to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II. 2. What reforms do you want to see in Russia? · I want to see our ruler reaching out to help the working people of St. Petersburg and will hopefully give us justice and protection. 3. What conditions do you think affect progress in Russia? · I think the oppression of Russia’s working class and overburdening with work affects Russia’s progress negatively. 4. What is your opinion of the Czars and the Russian monarchy? · I do not think the Czars are effective leaders as they rejected our petition in a violent manner 5. How did industrialization affect your life? · Industrialization affected my life because I started working in factories. 6. What do you think is the best system of government for Russia? · I think a Communist system where the government takes care of all its people and their needs would be the best for Russia.

- Magna Carta - Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights - British Common Law - Creation of Parliament - Constitutional Monarchy
 * Great Britain**

- Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen - Introduced the Plebiscite - Napoleonic Code
 * France**

- Declaration of Independence - US Constitution - US Bill of Rights - Separation of Powers - Social Contract
 * United States**

3. Describe how the Liberal and Conservative parties helped bring a new era to British politics. - The Tories transformed into the modern Conservative Party and Benjamin Disraeli was their leader. They pushed through the Reform Bill of 1867 and extended suffrage to many working class men, which doubled the amount of people voting. The Whigs tranformed into the Liberal Party extended suffrage, giving the vote to farmworkers and most other men, and were close to gaining universal male suffrage by the end of the 1800s. Britain had moved from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary democracy. This means that the prime minister and cabinet were now chosen by and responsible to the legislature (parliament).

Tories (Disraeli) Conservative Party - Reform Bill of 1867 giving the vote to working class men - An Agressive Foreign Policy - Did not favor home rule for Ireland

Whigs (Gladstone) Liberal Party - Universal Suffrage - Introduced the Secret Ballot - Not an aggressive foreign policy - Favored home rule for Ireland

Imperialism: - When a country tries to exert control over a foreign nations without having explicit control - Usually show the foreign nation, there are more powerful through military control. - Is the domination by one country of the political, economic and cultural life of another country.

"Western nations continue to exert some imperialistic control over other parts of the world" - China is exerting imperial control - US Invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq

1. Building Overseas Empires

- What were the causes of the New Imperialism? The Industrial Revolution was one cause of the New Imperialism because manufacturers wanted access to natural resources and they wanted new consumers to sell their goods to. Colonies were needed for national security and used these islands and harbors as bases to supply their ships.

- Why did Western Imperialism spread so rapidly? Missionaries, doctors and colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread western civilization. Europe had strong economies, organized governments and powerful armies and navies. While Europe was growing stronger, other civilizations were in decline and were unable to resist the Western onslaught. They also had superior technology such as the Maxim machine gun.

- How did different imperial governments rule their empires? The French practiced direct rule, sending officials and soldiers from France to run the economy. Their goal was to impose French culture on the natives. The British, on the other hand, used indirect rule, governing through local rulers in a protectorate, which means local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisers on the issues. The last form of Western control was the sphere of influence, which was when Europeans would create an area in which outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges.

What trade rights did westerners seek in China? - Westerners did not support China's strict rules on trade and ended up in a trade deficit. Westerners were buying more from China than they said they would. W weren't allowed to trade with most of China.

What were some of the internal problems the Chinese sought to solve? - China was overpopulated and it caused stress on the government. People weren't paying taxes and officials were corrupt and accepting bribes.

How did the Qing dynasty fall? - Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained, leading to massive flooding of the Huang He Valley.