Juvens+Mizero+Q4

__How did Bismark unify Germany?__ Bismarck originally belonged to a group of upper class officials and noble men, the Junker class. Over the years he got higher and higher positions in the Prussian government, eventually becoming Chancellor of Prussia. During his time as Chancellor, Bismarck adopted a "blood and iron" (uses violence to achieve one's goals) policy with which he used to unite the separate German states into one powerful, orderly nation with a centralized government.
 * World History II, Grade 10 B Quarter 4 Notes**

__Describe the German empires' political organization?__ Under the German empires' political organization, there were several princes each of which headed a different province. Above them was the kaiser, or emperor. The new constitution, drafted by Bismark himself, had a two house legislative branch. The Bundesrat, or upper house, was appointed by rulers of individual German states. The lower house, known as the Reichstag, was appointed by adult males with suffrage or the right to vote. The Bundesrat had the right to pass or veto laws, thereby giving them dominion over the Reichstag since they lacked such power. Due to the ties between the Bundesrat and the kaiser or chancellor, power remained in the hands of the kaiser and the chancellor.

__Describe the factors that made Germany an Industrial Giant?__ Germany was abundant in natural resources like coal and iron, a disciplined workforce, efficient middle class and a government that greatly supported the development of technology to improve the current quality of life.

__Explain why Bismark was called the "Iron Chancellor"?__ Bismark was labeled the Iron Chancellor because he worked to crush any and all opposition in relation to the order of the newly formed German government. For things to go smoothly he placed restrictions on socialist policies and religion.

__Describe the policies Kaiser William II followed__ Kaiser William II believed that his right to rule came from God. He resisted efforts to introduce democratic reform and his government provided programs for social welfare, cheap transportation, and electricity. Also, William II instituted an excellent system of public school to help create a future generation of highly skilled and usable people. To keep up German influence, Kaiser William II strengthened the German military.

__Shot Summary on the History of Giuseppi Verdi's "Aida"__ Giuseppi Verdi's Aida is a four part opera based on events witnessed by Auguste Mariette, a French Egyptologist. The first presentation of this opera was at the Khedivial Opera House in Cairo, and the conductor was Giovanni Bottesini. In both Egypt and Italy, the play received many honors however, Verdi liked the presentation in Italy because it was opened to all instead of just politicians and nobles as in Egypt.

__Decemebrist__: Decembrists named so because they first appeared during December, were a group who wished to prevent the passing of the throne to Nikolas I after his brother Constantine gave it up. The Decembrists, being mostly upper class officials with strong ties to the military were able to formulate an army of their own. The army was inexperienced and its overall structure was disorganized, hence Nikolas I's troops were able to successfully put down the rebellion on December 14, 1825.There were no specific political reforms that they hoped for; they agree with the Czar and the Russian monarchy and only wanted Constantine to remain in power. Since Decembrists are satisfied with the current order, the ideal government for Russia would be a monarchy headed by the Czar.

__Peter Stolypin__: Peter Stolypin was the son of an affluent Russian landowner. Stolypin had from early years quickly gone up in power, going far as to becoming Prime Minister of Russia. He agreed with Czar Nikolas' policies and enforced laws to make sure that things were done as he and the Czar expected them to be. To create a "balance of power" so to speak, Stolypin worked tirelessly to create land reforms and suppress rebellion or factors that could lead to its occurrence, such as religion and socialist views. Peasants were granted more land during Stolypin's time as Prime Minister since he used this opportunity to build a strong group of farmers (kulaks) that would later serve as a republican political force. Rural people were given extended suffrage, now being able to freely elect their own representatives to the zemstvo (local government council). As far as the government at the time is concerned, Stolypin would like to leave the country as a monarchy headed by a Czar but have the people receive more rights. Being more liberal, the people will not feel oppressed, and as a result tend to be more productive and less likely to contemplate rebellion. He also believes reformation is important, especially reformation in education, laws governing claim to land and representation of the different social classes in government.

__Western Democracies__: Great Britain - Magna Carta, Glorious Revolution & the Bill of Rights, British Common Law, Constitutional Monarchy France - Declaration of the Rights of Man & the Citizen, Introduced to Plebiscite, Napoleonic Code United States - Declaration of Independence, US Constitution, US Bill of Rights, Separation of Powers, Social Contract

__Describe how the Liberal and Conservative parties bring a new era to British politics__: During the institution of political units within the British government, there existed only two, the Tories and the Whigs. The Tories were sometime later headed under Benjamin Disraeli, who based his rule on conservative principles. The Whig party, led by William Gladstone, were more accepting and therefore considered a liberal group. Another thing to note is that the Tories were mostly middle class while the Whigs stood at the top of society. In 1867, the Conservative Party passed the Reform Bill of 1867, which provided suffrage only to nobles and working class males. In the 1880's, the liberals brought near universal suffrage in the nation, the secret ballot (people could place votes in boxes and not their identities be revealed). The Whig's liberal ideals transformed Britain from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary democracy. Conservative Tories had an aggressive foreign policy, while their Liberal counterparts, the Whigs had a less severe foreign policy. Tories did nor want autonomy for Ireland, while Whigs believed in Irish independence.

__Imperialism__: The act of one nation exerting or attempting to exert control over the political, social/cultural and economic structures of foreign nations or regions. __"Does Imperialism Exist in Today's World?":__ China is exerting imperial control, US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq

Westerners bought more from China that they said they would. Originally they trade with China was restricted to few ports and only goods like silk and teat, but westerners did not agree with this so they instated control in the country. China had its own problems beside Western influence, such as a large population evaded taxes, corrupt officials. The Quing Dynasty tried to improve China at the time by establishing agricultural and irrigation projects, both of which failed.

Germany, France and Britain were the European forces that shaped Africa. European contact increased in the 1800's because the Europeans wanted more resources and slaves from the region. Leopold II

Imperialism was set up to bring the natural resources and/or cheap labor from European colonies back to Europe in order to sustain ever increasing fortunes.
 * = Economic ||= Political ||= Military ||= Humanitarian/Religious ||= Racism ||
 * The quest for additional resources

The foreign markets to sell goods to || The stronger the economy, the more political support from the voters in the country. || Building military bases internationally

Military advantages with new regiments from imperial posts. || Spread of religion, culture, language, etc.

Genuine missionaries involved. || The white race is superior and it's the "white man's burden to civilize the rest of the world ||